Introduction – Before Baroque: A Religious Crisis
In the early 16th century, Europe was in religious turmoil. Citizens were frustrated with Church corruption, indulgence sales, and the lavish lifestyles of clergy. In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses, arguing that salvation comes through faith alone and that the Bible holds ultimate authority, not the Pope. His ideas spread rapidly, leading to the rise of Protestant churches.
This religious fragmentation shook Europe’s unity and forced the Catholic Church to respond. This response would become the Counter-Reformation, which eventually gave birth to Baroque art.
Martin Luther / Luther Bible - – The spark of the Reformation
The Counter-Reformation and Baroque Art
From 1545 to 1563, the Council of Trent addressed Church corruption and reaffirmed core Catholic beliefs: the Bible and Tradition, the seven sacraments, and papal authority. They also set clear rules for art as a tool to educate and inspire ordinary people, since most could not read.
Trent Guidelines for Art:
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Clearly convey the faith.
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Avoid excessive sensuality or distraction.
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Inspire devotion, not glorify the artist.
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Must receive Church approval.
Pasquale Cati, Council of Trent, 1588
Characteristics of Baroque Art
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Dramatic chiaroscuro → emotional impact
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Dynamic composition → viewer immersion
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Large scale and rich colors → visual intensity
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Integration of painting, sculpture, and architecture → immersive experience
Left: The Triumph of Divine Providence, 1633, Palace Barberini, Ceiling Fresco by Pietro da Cortona
Right: Michelangelo Caravaggio, The Taking of Christ, 1602
Key Artists
Michelangelo Caravaggio – Revolution in Realism and Emotion
Work: The Calling of Saint Matthew (c.1600)
“Saint Matthew is portrayed as a real, everyday person rather than an idealized saint. The scene appears right in front of the viewer, with dramatic light-and-shadow separating figures and background. Ordinary people can emotionally connect with the story, feeling part of the biblical moment.”
Borromini – The Innovative Architect
Work: San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome (1638–1646)
“Borromini favors curves and complex geometric forms over straight lines. Inside, light and shadow flow through the space, naturally guiding visitors into the architectural narrative. Even a small space creates a strong emotional impact, a hallmark of Baroque architecture.”
Bernini – Master of Sensory Drama
Work: The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1647–1652)
“This work captures a moment where sculpture, architecture, and natural light combine. The angel’s touch, Saint Teresa’s expression, and the surrounding architecture create a unified scene, evoking both emotional and spiritual awe. Visitors experience the artwork, rather than simply viewing it.”
Conclusion
Roman Baroque was closely tied to the Counter-Reformation, aiming to inspire both faith and emotion among viewers.
In the next episode, we will move to Spain and Flanders, exploring how Baroque art evolved differently in each country under unique political and religious circumstances.
